臭氧技术在柴油机中的应用

通过对柴油发动机臭氧助燃机理分析,设计了臭氧发生器,并将其用于6135型柴油发动机台架试验中。试验结果证明：臭氧参与柴油发动机的燃烧过程起到了节油和降低排放的双重效果。     

印刷车间再热的热回收节能策略

针对夏季印刷车间空气处理过程中,由于控制室内温湿度波动而采取再热措施造成冷热抵消的能源浪费现象, 根据空气处理过程焓湿图分析了西安某印刷车间夏季空气处理产生再热的原因,并在对印刷产生有机废气采用局部排 风进行有效收集处理的基础上,针对性地提出了利用热回收以补偿再热负荷的思路。比较了几种常见热回收装置的特 点,根据对印刷有机废气催化处理后排放尾气的温度,选择了热管式显热回收方式,进而分析了其传热量及显热回收效 率的计算过程,突出了其节能优势,最终达到充分利用废热节能的目的。     

Diesel Engine Exhaust and Lung Cancer Mortality: Time‐Related Factors in Exposure and Risk

To develop a quantitative exposure‐response relationship between concentrations and durations of inhaled diesel engine exhaust (DEE) and increases in lung cancer risks, we examined the role of temporal factors in modifying the estimated effects of exposure to DEE on lung cancer mortality and characterized risk by mine type in the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) cohort, which followed 12,315 workers through December 1997. We analyzed the data using parametric functions based on concepts of multistage carcinogenesis to directly estimate the hazard functions associated with estimated exposure to a surrogate marker of DEE, respirable elemental carbon (REC). The REC‐associated risk of lung cancer mortality in DEMS is driven by increased risk in only one of four mine types (limestone), with statistically significant heterogeneity by mine type and no significant exposure‐response relationship after removal of the limestone mine workers. Temporal factors, such as duration of exposure, play an important role in determining the risk of lung cancer mortality following exposure to REC, and the relative risk declines after exposure to REC stops. There is evidence of effect modification of risk by attained age. The modifying impact of temporal factors and effect modification by age should be addressed in any quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of DEE. Until there is a better understanding of why the risk appears to be confined to a single mine type, data from DEMS cannot reliably be used for QRA.     

Reanalysis of the DEMS Nested Case‐Control Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust: Suitability for Quantitative Risk Assessment

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2012 upgraded its hazard characterization of diesel engine exhaust (DEE) to “carcinogenic to humans.” The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) cohort and nested case‐control studies of lung cancer mortality in eight U.S. nonmetal mines were influential in IARC's determination. We conducted a reanalysis of the DEMS case‐control data to evaluate its suitability for quantitative risk assessment (QRA). Our reanalysis used conditional logistic regression and adjusted for cigarette smoking in a manner similar to the original DEMS analysis. However, we included additional estimates of DEE exposure and adjustment for radon exposure. In addition to applying three DEE exposure estimates developed by DEMS, we applied six alternative estimates. Without adjusting for radon, our results were similar to those in the original DEMS analysis: all but one of the nine DEE exposure estimates showed evidence of an association between DEE exposure and lung cancer mortality, with trend slopes differing only by about a factor of two. When exposure to radon was adjusted, the evidence for a DEE effect was greatly diminished, but was still present in some analyses that utilized the three original DEMS DEE exposure estimates. A DEE effect was not observed when the six alternative DEE exposure estimates were utilized and radon was adjusted. No consistent evidence of a DEE effect was found among miners who worked only underground. This article highlights some issues that should be addressed in any use of the DEMS data in developing a QRA for DEE.     

煤炭消费、经济增长与废气排放：基于中国的实证研究

本文采用计量经济学中的协整理论考察我国煤炭消费与经济增长、烟尘排放、二氧化硫排放和工业粉尘排放之间的关系。结果显示,我国煤炭消费与经济增长以及二氧化硫和工业粉尘的排放量之间存在着长期协整关系。为此,建立了相应的长期均衡方程及误差修正模型,并根据本文的分析结论提出了实现中国经济-能源-环境和谐发展的措施。     

Evaluating Efficiency-Equality Tradeoffs for Mobile Source Control Strategies in an Urban Area

In environmental risk management, there are often interests in maximizing public health benefits (efficiency) and addressing inequality in the distribution of health outcomes. However, both dimensions are not generally considered within a single analytical framework. In this study, we estimate both total population health benefits and changes in quantitative indicators of health inequality for a number of alternative spatial distributions of diesel particulate filter retrofits across half of an urban bus fleet in Boston, Massachusetts. We focus on the impact of emissions controls on primary fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emissions, modeling the effect on PM_2.5 concentrations and premature mortality. Given spatial heterogeneity in baseline mortality rates, we apply the Atkinson index and other inequality indicators to quantify changes in the distribution of mortality risk. Across the different spatial distributions of control strategies, the public health benefits varied by more than a factor of two, related to factors such as mileage driven per day, population density near roadways, and baseline mortality rates in exposed populations. Changes in health inequality indicators varied across control strategies, with the subset of optimal strategies considering both efficiency and equality generally robust across different parametric assumptions and inequality indicators. Our analysis demonstrates the viability of formal analytical approaches to jointly address both efficiency and equality in risk assessment, providing a tool for decisionmakers who wish to consider both issues.     

天然气汽车的动力性能与排放性能研究

研究了天然气汽车的动力性能与排放性能,对改装的492QC天然气发动机和原发动机(燃用汽油)的扭矩、功率等进行了测量.实验结果表明:当由燃烧汽油变换为燃烧天然气时,发动机的扭矩、功率下降非常大;增大点火提前角可使发动机的动力性能得到改善,但发动机NOx,总碳氢THC,CO及CO2的排放污染明显减少.     

Modeling of Distributed Generators Resilience Considering Lifeline Dependencies During Extreme Events

This article derives distributed generators resilience models considering lifeline dependencies during extreme events. The effects on power resilience of storage capacity, fuel delays, and fuel order placements are analyzed. Results indicate that storage capacity has an important role in improving overall power supply resilience as seen by loads. In addition, the presented models provide a quantifiable approach in evaluating fuel delivery resilience. The models facilitate studying fuel scheduling policies and local fuel storage sizing for specified resilience requirements. It is observed that tank autonomy greatly affects the flexibility in employing scheduling policies supplying fuel to generators. Resilience dependence on buffer autonomy is high during the first few days of extreme events, and this could have considerable effects on managing evacuations and rescue operations.     

Vehicle Emission Unit Risk Factors for Transportation Risk Assessments

When the transportation risk posed by shipments of hazardous chemical and radioactive materials is being assessed, it is necessary to evaluate the risks associated with both vehicle emissions and cargo-related risks. Diesel exhaust and fugitive dust emissions from vehicles transporting hazardous shipments lead to increased air pollution, which increases the risk of latent fatalities in the affected population along the transport route. The estimated risk from these vehicle-related sources can often be as large or larger than the estimated risk associated with the material being transported. In this paper, data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study are first used to develop latent cancer fatality estimates per kilometer of travel in rural and urban areas for all diesel truck classes. These unit risk factors are based on studies investigating the carcinogenic nature of diesel exhaust. With the same methodology, the current per-kilometer latent fatality risk factor used in transportation risk assessments for heavy diesel trucks in urban areas is revised and the analysis expanded to provide risk factors for rural areas and all diesel truck classes. These latter fatality estimates may include, but are not limited to, cancer fatalities and are based primarily on the most recent epidemiological data available on mortality rates associated with ambient air PM-10 concentrations.     

隧道峒口废气对流扩散的数值研究

采用三维数值模拟的方法，对隧道峒口废气的扩散情况进行了预测和分析，揭示了在不同风速和风向条件下，峒口废气的扩散特征．计算结果表明，风速越高，废气离开峒口后，浓度衰减得越快；而横向风则会导致隧道两侧很大区域内的污染物浓度超标。因此，应采取有效措施，控制隧道峒口污染物的扩散。